Congress Ave Bats Feed on a Diverse Buffet of Insects
December 4, 2024
On warm summer evenings, as the hum of insects fills the air, it’s common to hear someone exclaim, “We could use some bats to handle
The early promise of clean, renewable energy from wind seemed like a no-brainer, and leading environmental and conservation groups enthusiastically promoted it as an ideal alternative to fossil fuel. Discoveries of an occasional dead bird or bat were viewed as a small price to pay. But over the next decade, it was gradually realized that we’d noticed only the tip of a proverbial iceberg.
Most killed bats had remained undiscovered. They were difficult to find after falling into vegetation and rough terrain. Furthermore, scavengers were removing up to 70% of dead bats within the first 24 hours, dramatically reducing numbers found in searches conducted at two- to four-week intervals.1 By the time we became aware of extensive bat kills, huge commitments had been made to an industry widely viewed as all green.
By 2002, it was clear that potentially serious problems were being overlooked, leading me to propose a collaborative investigation. The Bats and Wind Energy Cooperative was formed in 2003 as a partnership between bat conservationists, industry, leading scientists, and government agencies.1 We confirmed serious problems, but also made unprecedented progress in finding solutions.2,3
Scientifically credible search protocols and statistical analyses were developed 4,5,6 and within just a few seasons of collaboration, it was discovered that by a simple raising of turbine cut-in speeds (the wind speeds at which turbine rotation was activated) mortality could be reduced by 77% over a fall season of 75 nights at a cost of only 1 percent of total annual output.7 Multiple studies concurred,7,8,9 and refinements were developed that could make bat protection even more cost-effective.10,11
However, both government and industry have largely ignored these findings, and there is still little or no guidance on tolerable mortality limits. In most cases, the only mitigation is on behalf of already listed endangered species (negotiated through Incidental Take Permits under Section 10 of the Endangered Species Act). Incidental Take Permits simply set arbitrary limits for the number of bats that can be accidentally killed without a company being cited for a violation of the Endangered Species Act. When these numbers are exceeded, companies often request, and are simply granted increased limits. The environmental and economic costs of needlessly pushing species into endangered status are being ignored.
Left: Ed Arnett, relying on his trained retrievers, found that human searchers were unable to find most of the killed bats. However, such dogs are seldom employed, and many companies seem to favor consultants known for finding the fewest bats. Middle: Even when large bats, like this hoary bat, are in plain sight, they can be difficult to see. This freshly killed bat is just left of center. Right: Ed Arnett recording a killed tri-colored bat found by his trained retriever.
Ecological impact assessments continue to be required, at considerable expense, though they are known to be ineffective. Their sole value is to give the perception of rigorous safeguarding of environmental standards.12 Pre-construction surveys have consistently underestimated actual post-construction mortality. At a Gulf Coast location in Texas, kill rates for bats, mostly Brazilian free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) were six times higher than predicted,13 despite being more than 150 miles from the nearest major roost. Turbines in Hawaii are killing endangered hoary bats three times faster than predicted,14 and I am unaware of an installation anywhere that has not substantially exceeded predicted kills.
Management and permitting agreements are often left to the discretion of local entities who have little or no experience in wildlife or other environmental issues, though their decisions can have far reaching national and international consequences.8,10 Further complicating matters, there remains a paucity of credible science to document population sizes or forecast long-term mortality impacts,15 too often leaving costly litigation as the only option for resolving controversy.
Proactive companies who have provided funds and taken risks to help scientists conduct the research required to solve problems are inadequately rewarded, and an unfortunately large number of others have gained an economic advantage by failing to implement even the simplest, most cost-effective mitigation recommendations, for example feathering blades at low wind speeds.
Much of the killing of bats at wind turbines was widely believed to have ended in 2015. With great fanfare, the American Wind Energy Association (AWEA), a trade group, announced voluntary guidelines to increase turbine cut-in speeds sufficiently to reduce bat kills by 30%, ignoring the fact that a slightly larger increase could have doubled or tripled the number of bats saved, still with minimal economic burden. Nevertheless, even the proposed “voluntary” amount appears to have been ignored by a large proportion of companies, rendering the announcement little more than a public relations gimmick.16 In the U.S., the Fish and Wildlife Service can intervene only when it has proof that a federally listed endangered species has been killed. Finally, at projected industry growth rates, even full policy implementation would soon have become inadequate. The cost of resolving this problem is trivial compared to that of continued neglect.
Wind power is now the largest cause of mass mortality for bats worldwide. The cumulative impact has become an international environmental crisis that cannot be ignored.17 By 2012, more than 600,000 bats were already being killed annually in the U.S. alone, and the number grows each year.18
Education at many levels is urgently needed and could benefit both bats and proactive companies by avoiding serious environmental harm and costly confrontation. At current rates of wind industry expansion and resulting bat mortality, additional species almost certainly will be driven into endangered status15. This risks a backlash from traditional environmentalist supporters of wind, not to mention the cost of increased endangered species mitigation and litigation. I agree with Brandon Keim19 who asks “how people already know so much about solving the problem, yet do so little.” To neglect such an important issue for so long is a sad commentary on both the supposedly green wind industry and the world’s leading conservation organizations.
Though communication with landowners and decision makers can be extremely important, nothing is likely to prove more immediately effective than simple provision of clear industry incentives. It’s time to demonstrate real concern for our environmental future.
One possible approach to avoiding public demands for heavy-handed government regulation is for conservation and industry leaders to cooperate in developing criteria by which companies can be objectively ranked relative to their collaboration in preventing or mitigating harm to bats and other wildlife. These rankings could be used to help green energy investment advisers guide their clients, many of whom seriously care about the environment. Even investors whose only concern is avoidance of costly delays and litigation would have incentive to cooperate. Such an approach need not require perfection in order to serve as an important first step in the right direction, though fair-minded implementation would be essential.
Criteria could include the extent to which a company avoids high-risk locations, incorporates approved mitigation techniques, and collaborates with scientists to monitor and report mortality and find solutions.
Finally, in discussing how to meet energy needs, we must keep in mind that energy conservation is the single most important step we can take toward independence. The U.S. Department of Energy20 reports that by using simple in-home procedures, Americans could cut their annual energy bills by 25 percent without reducing their standard of living.
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On warm summer evenings, as the hum of insects fills the air, it’s common to hear someone exclaim, “We could use some bats to handle
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Fieldwork requires a lot of equipment, but photography requires even more! During our June 2024 photography workshop, we transported over 100 lbs. of equipment —
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Michael Lazari Karapetian has over twenty years of investment management experience. He has a degree in business management, is a certified NBA agent, and gained early experience as a money manager for the Bank of America where he established model portfolios for high-net-worth clients. In 2003 he founded Lazari Capital Management, Inc. and Lazari Asset Management, Inc. He is President and CIO of both and manages over a half a billion in assets. In his personal time he champions philanthropic causes. He serves on the board of Moravian College and has a strong affinity for wildlife, both funding and volunteering on behalf of endangered species.